MeNfoRmat HarDisk...

Tips dan Cara Memformat Ulang Hard Disk dan Menginstall Ulang OS Windows atau Linux pada Komputer PC / Laptop - Petunjuk Teknis
Mon, 19/06/2006 - 1:23pm — godam64
Masalah yang bersifat fatal dan parah bisa saja terjadi kapan dan di mana saja tidak memandang merk dan harga komputer pc / laptop anda. Terkadang komputer tidak bisa masuk ke windows akibat banyak hal seperti terkena virus, file booting hilang, bad sector, komputer lambat, komputer sering hang, salah seting dan berbagai masalah lainnya.
Jika berbagai cara sudah anda lakukan dan belum mendapatkan hasil yang memuaskan maka jalan pintas / singkat yang paling baik adalah dengan cara format ulang harddisk / hard drive yang ada di koputer pc / laptop anda. Pada tips ini akan diberikan beberapa langkah mudah yang dapat anda lakukan sendiri tetapi tidak secara mendetail. Bila anda butuh bimbingan anda bisa menanyakan di forum situs organisasi.org ini. Mudah-mudahan saya atau kawan lain dapat membantu anda.

IP address

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This article is about IP addresses in general. For the Wikipedia user access level, see Wikipedia:User access levels#Anonymous users.

An Internet Protocol (IP) address is a numerical label that is assigned to devices participating in a computer network, that uses the Internet Protocol for communication between its nodes.^[1] An IP address serves two principal functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing. Its role has been characterized as follows: "A name indicates what we seek. An address indicates where it is. A route indicates how to get there."^[2]

The designers of TCP/IP defined an IP address as a 32-bit number^[1] and this system, known as Internet Protocol Version 4 or IPv4, is still in use today. However, due to the enormous growth of the Internet and the resulting depletion of available addresses, a new addressing system (IPv6), using 128 bits for the address, was developed in 1995^[3] and last standardized by RFC 2460 in 1998.^[4] Although IP addresses are stored as binary numbers, they are usually displayed in human-readable notations, such as 208.77.188.166 (for IPv4), and 2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:1:1 (for IPv6).

The Internet Protocol also routes data packets between networks; IP addresses specify the locations of the source and destination nodes in the topology of the routing system. For this purpose, some of the bits in an IP address are used to designate a subnetwork. The number of these bits is indicated in CIDR notation, appended to the IP address; e.g., 208.77.188.166/24.

As the development of private networks raised the threat of IPv4 address exhaustion, RFC 1918 set aside a group of private address spaces that may be used by anyone on private networks. They are often used with network address translators to connect to the global public Internet.

The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), which manages the IP address space allocations globally, cooperates with five Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) to allocate IP address blocks to Local Internet Registries (Internet service providers) and other entities.

Contents [hide] 1 IP versions 1.1 IP version 4 addresses 1.1.1 IPv4 subnetting 1.1.2 IPv4 private addresses 1.2 IPv4 address depletion 1.3 IP version 6 addresses 1.3.1 IPv6 private addresses 2 IP subnetworks 3 Static vs dynamic IP addresses 3.1 Method of assignment 3.2 Uses of dynamic addressing 3.2.1 Sticky dynamic IP address 3.3 Address autoconfiguration 3.4 Uses of static addressing 4 Modifications to IP addressing 4.1 IP blocking and firewalls 4.2 IP address translation 5 Tools 6 Standardization 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links

colour code

straight cable

What are Straight and Crossover cable

Common Ethernet network cable are straight and crossover cable. This Ethernet network cable is made of 4 pair high performance cable that consists twisted pair conductors that used for data transmission. Both end of cable is called RJ45 connector.

The cable can be categorized as Cat 5, Cat 5e, Cat 6 UTP cable. Cat 5 UTP cable can support 10/100 Mbps Ethernet network, whereas Cat 5e and Cat 6 UTP cable can support Ethernet network running at 10/100/1000 Mbps. You might heard about Cat 3 UTP cable, it's not popular anymore since it can only support 10 Mbps Ethernet network.

Straight and crossover cable can be Cat3, Cat 5, Cat 5e or Cat 6 UTP cable, the only difference is each type will have different wire arrangement in the cable for serving different purposes.

Straight Cable

You usually use straight cable to connect different type of devices. This type of cable will be used most of the time and can be used to:

1) Connect a computer to a switch/hub's normal port.
2) Connect a computer to a cable/DSL modem's LAN port.
3) Connect a router's WAN port to a cable/DSL modem's LAN port.
4) Connect a router's LAN port to a switch/hub's uplink port. (normally used for expanding network)
5) Connect 2 switches/hubs with one of the switch/hub using an uplink port and the other one using normal port.

If you need to check how straight cable looks like, it's easy. Both side (side A and side B) of cable have wire arrangement with same color. Check out different types of straight cable that are available in the market here.

Crossover Cable

Sometimes you will use crossover cable, it's usually used to connect same type of devices. A crossover cable can be used to:

1) Connect 2 computers directly.
2) Connect a router's LAN port to a switch/hub's normal port. (normally used for expanding network)
3) Connect 2 switches/hubs by using normal port in both switches/hubs.

In you need to check how crossover cable looks like, both side (side A and side B) of cable have wire arrangement with following different color . Have a look on these crossover cables if you plan to buy one. You can also find more network cable choices and information from Comtrad Cables.

In case you need to make a crossover cable yourself! You can use this crimper to do it.

Lastly, if you still not sure which type of cable to be used sometimes, try both cables and see which works.

Note: If there is auto MDI/MDI-X feature support on the switch, hub, network card or other network devices, you don't have to use crossover cable in the situation which I mentioned above. This is because crossover function would be enabled automatically when it's needed.

A crossover cable connects two devices of the same type, for example DTE-DTE or DCE-DCE, usually connected asymmetrically (DTE-DCE), by a modified cable called a crosslink. Such distinction of devices was introduced by IBM.

The crossing wires in a cable or in a connector adaptor allows:

• connecting two devices directly, output of one to input of the other,
• letting two terminal (DTE) devices communicate without an interconnecting hub knot, i.e. PCs,
• linking two or more hubs, switches or routers (DCE) together, possibly to work as one wider device.

  Examples

  • a Null modem of RS-232
  • Ethernet crossover cable
  • Rollover cable
  • A loopback is a type of degraded "one side crosslinked connection" connecting a port to itself, usually for test purposes.

  Use crossover cables for the following connections: Switch to switch, Switch to hub, Hub to hub, Router to router, PC to PC, Router to PC

  [edit] Other technologies

  Some connection standards use different balanced pairs to transmit data, so crossover cables for them have different configurations to swap the transmit and receive pairs:

  • Twisted pair Token ring uses T568B pairs 1 and 3 (the same as T568A pairs 1 and 2), so a crossover cable to connect two Token Ring interfaces must swap these pairs, connecting pins 4, 5, 3, and 6 to 3, 6, 4, and 5 respectively.
  • A T1 cable uses T568B pairs 1 and 2, so to connect two T1 CSU/DSU devices back-to-back requires a crossover cable that swaps these pairs. Specifically, pins 1, 2, 4, and 5 are connected to 4, 5, 1, and 2 respectively.
  • A 56K DDS cable uses T568B pairs 02 and 04, so a crossover cable for these devices swaps those pairs (pins 01, 02, 07, and 08 are connected to 07, 08, 01, and 02 respectively).

  A null modem cable.

  An Ethernet crossover cable.